List of Korean inventions and discoveries. This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries. Agriculture[edit]Early cultivation of the soybean dates back to 4,0.

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Manchuria and the Korean peninsula.[1][2] Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were gifted from the region encompassing Manchuria and Korea.[3] The first unambiguously domesticated, cultigen- sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the Mumun- period Daundong site.[4][5]Greenhouses in which the temperature could be manually manipulated first appeared in 1. Korea. The 1. 5th century treatise, the Sanga Yorok, contains descriptions of greenhouses designed to regulate the temperature and humidity requirements of plants and crops. One of the earliest records of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in 1. Korean greenhouse during the winter and installing an ondol system to provide heat.[6]The first standardized pluviometer (rain gauge), called the cheugugi, was invented during the reign of Sejong the Great in the Joseon dynasty of Korea.[7][8][9][1. The cheugugi was used throughout the country for official purposes.

In the 1. 5th century, Korea was the only country to use a quantitative measuring device for the purpose of meteorological observation.[1. In 1. 44. 1, the Joseon scientist Jang Yeong- sil invented the world's first water gauge, called the supyo (수표/水標).[1. The supyo was a calibrated column, installed midstream adjacent to a bridge, that indicated drought, normal, and flood levels.[8]The Ho- Mi digger (pronounced Hoe- Mee and meaning "little ground spear" in Korean) was first made in Korea during the Bronze Age. The tool has been a standard for 5.

Unified Silla era.[1. The homi has also become popular in the United States as an efficient tool well suited to urban farming. Architecture[edit]One of the earliest systems of underfloor heating, dating back 2,5. Koreans. The Korean ondol heating system was thought to be the oldest of its kind until the recent archaeological discovery of a similar heating system in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. However, the archaeologist who discovered it agrees with Korean researchers that the two systems developed independently, based on the distance of 5,0.

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Despite this, there has also been hypothesis that whale- hunting people from the Korean peninsula have migrated to Alaska by sea during the time period, and this could explain the phenomenon.[2. Inspired by the Korean ondol hydronic radiant floor heating system, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright developed and introduced the first "radiant heating system" using hot water pipes.[2. The ancient Silla kingdom created an early refrigeration system called seokbinggo, which were subterranean chambers used to store ice and food.[2. Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition.[2. There are numerous types of Korean fortresses, including sanseong (mountain fortress), eupseong (city fortress), pyeongjiseong, gwanseong, jangseong, chaekseong, and more.[2.

Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built using stones, and often incorporated natural mountainous terrain, and therefore were conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses, which were based on an earth culture and built using bricks from earth.[2. Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla,[3.

Goryeo and then Joseon.[3. Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 1.

China; [3. 2] one of the most notable among them is Anshi Fortress, which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo–Tang War.[3. Korea, especially Goguryeo,[2. Korea.[2. 7][3. 0]Korean- style fortresses can also be found in Japan, which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin.[3. Koreans created a unique and distinct pagoda tradition using stone.[3. Pagodas were created in India using earth, then in China using wood, which spread to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and then Japan; however, the pagoda tradition of East Asia diverged, with China creating pagodas using bricks, Korea creating pagodas using stone, and Japan continuing to use wood.[4. Korean stone pagodas were first created in Baekje during the early 7th century and then inherited by Later Silla; 9. Later Silla were made of stone.[4.

The stone pagoda tradition was propagated by the great abundance of high quality granite in Korea,[4. Seokguram and Cheomseongdae. Goryeo, a devoutly Buddhist state, also inherited the stone pagoda tradition.[4. Examples of Korean stone pagodas are: Mireuksa of Baekje; Dabo Pagoda and Jungang Pagoda of Later Silla; Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda of Goryeo; and Wongaksa Pagoda of Joseon. Examples of Korean wood pagodas are: Hwangnyongsa and Palsangjeon of Silla.

Astronomy[edit]The earliest known constellation patterns in Korea can be found on dolmens dating back to 3. BC.[4. 8] The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a planisphere inscribed on black marble that was completed in 1. King Taejo; according to its inscription, it is based on a star chart from ancient Goguryeo that was lost during wartime. It is known as the world’s second oldest star chart engraved in stone, after the Chinese Suzhou Star Chart of 1. However, the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido's stellar positions indicate an epoch dating back to the first century AD, thus making it the oldest actual representation of the stars in the world.[4.

The Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia,[5. It was constructed in Seorabeol, the capital of Silla, during the reign of Queen Seondeok in the 7th century. Modeled on Baekje's Jeomseongdae, which now exists only in historical records, the Cheomseongdae influenced the construction of a Japanese observatory in 6.

Duke Zhou's observatory in China in 7. Writing[edit]Hangul is the world's first featural writing system, wherein the shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but encode phonological features of the phonemes they represent.[5. The Korean alphabet is unique among the world's writing systems, in that it combines aspects of featural, phonemic, and syllabic representation.[5. Hangul, originally named Hunminjeongeum, was created by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people.[5. Predating the creation of Hangul by hundreds of years, Koreans created various phonetic writing systems that were used in conjunction with Hanja, including: idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil.[6. Some of them may have influenced the development of kana in Japan.[6.

Printing[edit]Movable metal type was invented in Korea in the early thirteenth century,[6. Gutenberg’s invention in Europe by two centuries.[7. The first book to be printed with movable metal type is the Prescribed Ritual Texts of the Past and Present in 1. Goryeo period.[7.

The earliest surviving book to be printed with movable metal type is the Jikji, dated to 1. The first lead type in the world is the Byeongjinja created in 1. Metal types were called juja (cast characters), and the Joseon government operated the jujaso bureau, a continuation of Goryeo's seojeogwon, to print books and documents to be distributed to the central and local administrations, village schools, scholars, and officials.[7. The world's oldest newspaper was published in 1. Joseon period; it was a privately run commercial newspaper, printed daily, that covered a range of topics, including the weather, constellations, and current affairs and events.[7.

Jeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time.[7. First depicted in Goguryeo murals,[8. Korean music.[8. 1]The most representative traditional instrument of Korea,[7. Gaya during the 6th century, and based on the Chinese guzheng.[8. North Korea has developed many modernized instruments based on traditional instruments.

The sohaegeum, junghaegeum, daehaegeum, and jeohaegeum are four- stringed fiddles of varying sizes, based on the traditional haegeum.

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